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Infectivity of the propagules associated with extraradical mycelia of two VAM fungi following winter freezing

Talk: "Mycorrhizae in Stressed Ecosystems" session on Monday afternoon
ADDY, HEATHER1, MURRAY MILLER2 & LARRY PETERSON3
1Dept. of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
2Dept. of Land Resource Science and
3Dept. of Botany, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1

ICOM1 Abstract
VAM fungi have been thought to survive adverse environmental conditions primarily as spores. However, evidence from previous research in our laboratory suggested that infective extraradical mycelia survived in frozen soil over winter. We conducted two experiments to investigate the infectivity of mycelia of two Glomus species after prolonged periods in frozen soil. Extraradical mycelia were produced in pouches made of fine nylon mesh, which excluded roots but not hyphae. Mycelia in these pouches were exposed to freezing conditions both in the field and in a controlled-temperature chamber. Following freezing, soil in half of the pouches was disturbed by sieving. In the second experiment, an additional treatment was included such that a third set of pouches contained only isolated spores. The relative infectivity of mycelia and spores following freezing was determined by growing bioassay plants directly in the pouches. Spores were not an effective inoculum in any of the bioassays, regardless of freezing. Soil disturbance following freezing reduced subsequent colonisation of bioassay plants, indicating that mycelia were responsible for mycorrhizal formation following freezing. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that mycelia remain infective in frozen soil over winter. The persistence of mycelia in frozen soil was not dependent on connection to root systems nor on the presence of root pieces. The presence of the hyphal network in soil in spring has important implications for the early phosphorous nutrition of seedlings.